These kits are part of an ongoing effort by the LaMotte Company Research and Development team to produce new test methods and kits that are faster, easier-to-use, and reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous materials.
The 7604-DR uses a standard alkali to titrate to the methyl orange endpoint for determination of strong mineral acids, and the phenolphthalein endpoint for determination of strong mineral acids, carbon dioxide, other weak acids and hydrolyzable mineral salts. The results are expressed as CaCO3. The 7182 uses the phenolphthalein endpoint to determine hydrochloric, sulfuric, and phosphoric acids.
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A water sample suspected of containing algae is filtered and the collected material is reacted with methyl alcohol to extract chlorophyll and indicate the presence of algae.
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Alkalinity: Kits use titrations with standard acid to the phenolphthalein (P) and/or total (T) alkalinity endpoint. Where hydroxyl (OH) alkalinity is determined directly, the sample is pretreated with barium to precipitate carbonates. All results are expressed as CaCO3.
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Ammonia Nitrogen: Two colorimetric methods are available. Nessler's reagent reacts with ammonia to form a yellow to brown color; salicylate reacts to form a blue color, which in combination with the yellow reagent color, produces colors from yellow to blue. The salicylate method is preferred for salt water analysis and does not contain mercury salts as does the Nessler method.
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Arsenic This procedure requires about 15 minutes and employs a test strip. Inorganic As+3 and As+5 are converted to arsine gas. This reacts with the test strip in a closed container and produces yellow to brown colors on the strip. The strip colors are compared to a color chart to determine the concentration in ppb.
Bacteria: LaMotte distributes the Biosan line of kits for various microbiological analyses. Results are obtained usually after 24 -36 hours of room temperature incubation. Please contact us for more information. (Also see Coliform).
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This is a determination of the amount of organic material in wastewater by measuring and comparing the dissolved oxygen content before and after incubating the sample for 5 days at 20°C. All reagents, including seed capsules and glassware needed to perform this test are included in the kit. Incubator and DO meter are not included.
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Free, combined, and total chlorine may be determined using DPD with either colorimetric or titrimetric methods. These determinations are generally limited to concentrations of 0-10 ppm, although the FAS titration can test higher concentrations with the addition of more DPD indicator. Higher concentrations require the iodometric titration, whereby the sample is acidified and iodide is added, which is oxidized by chlorine to iodine and is titrated with a standard thiosulfate solution.
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Bromine may be tested using color development with DPD, or by a ferrous ammonium sulfate titration in the presence of DPD indicator. The 6824 kit uses glycine to enable the user to separate bromine and chlorine.
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EDTA titration is used for all hardness determinations, with a red to blue endpoint. Both total and calcium hardness buffers include inhibitors to eliminate metal interferences. All results are as CaCO3; some kits also express results as gpg. The 3609, which is recommended for salt water analysis, includes a conversion factor for Ca++. The -LI suffix indicates an all liquid kit; -LT indicates a liquid buffer and tablet indicator.
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Free chelant is determined by using the back titration of a hardness test, with magnesium as the titrant. Since bismuth will displace other metals from chelants, it is used for total chelant determinations.
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The argentometric method is used with all kits. This employs a chromate indicator and silver nitrate titrant. Hydrogen peroxide is included with kits 7172 and 7247 to eliminate sulfite interference.
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Free, combined, and total chlorine may be determined using DPD with either colorimetric or titrimetric methods. These determinations are generally limited to concentrations of 0-10 ppm, although the FAS titration can test higher concentrations with the addition of more DPD indicator. Higher concentrations require the iodometric titration, whereby the sample is acidified and iodide is added, which is oxidized by chlorine to iodine and is titrated with a standard thiosulfate solution.
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Two methods are available. Diphenylcarbazide reacts with chromate (hexavalent chromium) to form a red to violet color in an acid solution. Chromate will also oxidize iodide to iodine for titration with a standard thiosulfate solution.
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Total, hexavalent and trivalent chromium are determined by this method. First, the hexavalent chromium is determined by reaction with diphenylcarbazide, as above. A second sample is heated in the presence of an oxidizer, to determine total chromium. The difference between total and hexavalent is trivalent. The heat source is not included.
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5 tubes, each containing a nutrient tablet, are reacted, stored at room temperature for 24-36 hours and examined for color change and gas formation. The number of positive tubes may be correlated to a MPN.
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The color of water is usually compared to platinum cobalt color standards representing APHA Standard Color Units. A second visual test involves the use of 2 tubes, one filled with the sample water, the other with color-free water. A standard color solution is added to the second tube dropwise until the color in the 2 tubes matches. The number of drops of color solution is multiplied by a factor to give the result in APHA color units. The color of water is usually compared to platinum cobalt color standards representing APHA Standard Color Units. A second visual test involves the use of 2 tubes, one filled with the sample water, the other with color-free water. A standard color solution is added to the second tube dropwise until the color in the 2 tubes matches. The number of drops of color solution is multiplied by a factor to give the result in APHA color units.
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The cyanide is first reacted with a chlorine donor to form cyanogen chloride, which then reacts with pyridine-barbituric acid to form a red-blue color.
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Anionic surfactants are extracted with toluene and break up an ion pair, releasing bromphenol blue into a water layer. A standard color reagent is then used to determine the concentration.
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EDTA titration is used for all hardness determinations, with a red to blue endpoint. Both total and calcium hardness buffers include inhibitors to eliminate metal interferences. All results are as CaCO3; some kits also express results as gpg. The 3609, which is recommended for salt water analysis, includes a conversion factor for Ca++. The -LI suffix indicates an all liquid kit; -LT indicates a liquid buffer and tablet indicator.
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Although peroxide may be tested colorimetrically with DPD, the most common method is iodometric titration using a standard thiosulfate solution. Both methods are offered.
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Bipyridyl is a ferrous iron indicator that tests total iron after any ferric iron is reduced to ferrous in the sample. Ferrous and ferric may be tested separately by eliminating the reduction step. A similar ferrous indicator, 1,10 phenanthroline, is used in the DC1200 kit. To view instructions/contents click on code number.
Three methods are available. The 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol(PAN) method forms an orange complex with manganese. The other two methods use oxidation of manganese to permanganate by either persulfate or periodate, and subsequent analysis of the resulting pink color. Metal interferences with the PAN method can be eliminated using the #7104 Cyanide Inhibitor Package.
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Three methods are available - 2 colorimetric and one titrimetric. Xanthogonate forms a pink color; thioglycolate forms a yellowish color with molybdate. Molybdenum may be titrated by citric acid with the reaction having a red to yellow endpoint.
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The nitrate is reduced to nitrite by cadmium or zinc and this undergoes diazotization/coupling to form a pink color. All kits below use cadmium except #3354, which uses zinc and which also contains a reagent that eliminates nitrite interference. Kit #3519 tests both nitrate and nitrite. The kit #3119 uses one comparator that contains both nitrate and phosphate standards. The phosphate method in kit #3119 is an ascorbic acid reduction.
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Sodium nitrite is titrated using one of two methods. After acidifying the sample, permanganate will oxidize nitrite. When all of the nitrite is oxidized, the permanganate turns the sample pink. Ceric Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) also oxidizes the nitrite in the presence of ferroin indicator. The endpoint is orange to blue. The CAN method is preferred if glycol is present.
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The azide modification of the Winkler method is a modified iodometric titration whereby oxygen, in the presence of a strong alkali, oxidizes manganese, which in turn reacts with iodide to form iodine. This is titrated with a standard thiosulfate solution in the presence of a starch indicator to enhance the endpoint. Azide eliminates nitrite interference.
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DPD reacts with ozone, but any other oxidizers will interfere. The Indigo Trisulfonate method includes a step to eliminate chlorine interference, but bromine will interfere. It is preferred for the analysis of salt water.
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This test is a combination of two separate titrations. The first is a cerium titration of peroxide. The second is an iodometric titration of peracetic acid.
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pH must be controlled and monitored because it plays an essential role in almost all chemical and biological processes.
LaMotte pH Test Kits
Each test kit consists of an Octet Comparator, graduated test tubes, and a bottle of indicator solution for 50 tests. LaMotte Company has been supplying laboratory quality pH indicator tests to professional analysts for more than eighty years; these are the most reliable, economical pH test kits available. Simply fill the tube to the mark with the sample water, add several drops of indicator, and compare the resulting color against the eight permanent color standards in the comparator.
How to Select the Right pH Kit:
Single or Wide Range?
Single range kits cover a range of 1.4 pH units in 0.2 unit increments (0.1 unit sensitivity). Wide range kits may cover as many as 7 pH units in increments of 0.5 or 1.0 pH units (0.25 or 0.5 unit sensitivity).
Which Range?
Choose a kit in which the midpoint of the range covered is as close to the average or optimum pH value of the sample water. If this value is unknown, choose a wide range kit.
Indicators specific to a particular pH range allow colorimetric determination of pH. If the water to be tested is cloudy, one may wish to employ the bicolor reader.
Standard pH Test Papers
pH Range
Code
6.8-8.4
2907
3.0-10.0
2912
4.5-7.5
2953
0-13
2954
9-14
2955
1-11
2956
8-12
2959
0-14
3-2950
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Code
pH Indicator
Octet Comparator Color Standard Values in pH Units
There are 3 colorimetric test methods. In two, a phosphomolybdate complex is reduced by stannous chloride or ascorbic acid to produce a blue color. In a third, phosphate forms a yellow complex with vanadomolybdate.
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Stannous Chloride Octet Comparator with Axial Reader
0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 ppm PO43-
50 (2)
HA (1)
Phosphate (Total): Polyphosphates (acid-hydrolyzable or condensed) and phosphonates (organic phosphates) are reverted using the reagents and apparatus in the 7884 Auxiliary Phosphate kit. The polyphosphates require boiling or microwaving with acid and subsequent neutralization; the phosphonates require the same, but with the addition of an oxidizer in the boiling/microwaving step. Once reverted to orthophosphate, any of the tests in the orthophosphate section above may be used for analysis.
The chromazurol S method may be used for Dequest, Bayhibit, Belcor 575 and Belsphere 161 phosphonates. The indicator changes from yellow to pink at the pH ideal for the reaction, then thorium nitrate is added until the solution turns purple. The Xylenol Orange method titrates all Dequest products and Belcor 575. The pH is adjusted to 2.5-3.0, then thorium nitrate is added until the color changes from yellow to red.
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A colorimetric method is available for waters where metal interference is unlikely. An excess of iron is added to the solution containing polyphosphate. The iron is complexed and the remaining iron is determined. The polyphosphate concentration is derived from the iron concentration.
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The test is based on the reaction of the cationic polyquat with an anionic polyelectrolyte using Toluidine Blue O as the indicator. The color change is blue to purple.
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Sodium tetraphenylboron reacts with potassium to form a white precipitate. The turbidity of the solution is proportional to potassium concentration which is measured in a calibrated tube.
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Two methods are available. A masked bromphenol blue indicator is added to the sample and turns green. Sodium tetraphenylboron is added to complex the QAC and the color changes to red. This method is best suited to higher QAC concentrations. A polyelectrolytic titration like the one used for polyquat, is used for low to high concentrations.
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This test is an approximation of sodium concentration. It involves three different titrations, which account for all ions but sodium. An equation is used to estimate sodium.
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Sodium nitrite is titrated using one of two methods. After acidifying the sample, permanganate will oxidize nitrite. When all of the nitrite is oxidized, the permanganate turns the sample pink. Ceric Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) also oxidizes the nitrite in the presence of ferroin indicator. The endpoint is orange to blue. The CAN method is preferred if glycol is present.
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Both kits use the Pomeroy methylene blue method for analysis. The colorimetric method uses color standards to read total sulfide. Total, dissolved and hydrogen sulfide can be separated in the titration test. The total sulfide is determined using a color dye which is added to an unreacted sample until it matches a reacted sample. The same procedure is used for dissolved sulfide, after insoluble matter is removed by aluminum floc. Hydrogen sulfide is determined by measuring pH and multiplying the dissolved sulfide concentration by a pH correction factor.
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An iodide-iodate titrant oxidizes sulfite to sulfate under acid conditions, until all of the sulfite is reacted. The titrant then reacts with starch to form a blue color signifying the endpoint.
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This kit was developed in cooperation with Rhodia, formerly Albright & Wilson, for the determination of tetrakishydroxymethyl phosphonium sulfate (THPS). The iodometric titration may be used for fresh or salt water in oilfields, towers, pulp and paper, etc.
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The procedure involves 2 acid-base titrations. The first is a direct titration of the negative ions. The second is a titration of positive ions after all positive ions have been exchanged for hydrogen in an ion exchange column. The sum of the titration results equals ppm TDS as CaCO3.
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One sample tube is filled with sample; another with turbidity-free water. A standard turbidity solution is added dropwise to the second tube until the turbidity in the 2 tubes match. The number of drops is multiplied by a factor to calculate the turbidity.
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